Physical Properties of the Element Chromium

Chromium is element atomic number 24 with element symbol Cr. Chromium  Basic Facts Chromium Atomic Number: 24 Chromium Symbol: Cr Chromium Atomic Weight: 51.9961 Chromium Discovery: Louis Vauquelin 1797 (France) Chromium Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Chromium Word Origin: Greek chroma: color Chromium Properties: Chromium has a melting point of 1857/-20 °C, a boiling point of 2672 °C, a specific gravity of 7.18 to 7.20 (20 °C), with valences usually 2, 3, or 6. The metal is a lustrous steel-gray color which takes a high polish. It is hard and resistant to corrosion. Chromium has a high melting point, stable crystalline structure, and moderate thermal expansion. All chromium compounds are colored. Chromium compounds are toxic. Uses: Chromium is used to harden steel. It is a component of stainless steel and many other alloys. The metal is commonly used for plating to produce a shiny, hard surface that is resistant to corrosion. Chromium is used as a catalyst. It is added to glass to produce an emerald green color. Chromium compounds are important as pigments, mordants, and oxidizing agents. Sources: The principal ore of chromium is chromite (FeCr2O4). The metal may be produced by reducing its oxide with aluminum. Element Classification: Transition Metal Chromium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 7.18 Melting Point (K): 2130 Boiling Point (K): 2945 Appearance: very hard, crystalline, steel-grayish metal Atomic Radius (pm): 130 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 7.23 Covalent Radius (pm): 118 Ionic Radius: 52 (6e) 63 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.488 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 21 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 342 Debye Temperature (K): 460.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.66 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 652.4 Oxidation States: 6, 3, 2, 0 Lattice Structure: Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.880 CAS Registry Number: 7440-47-3

Death Of A Salesman And The Novel Of America - 2331 Words

Throughout the play Death of a Salesman and the novella Of Mice and Men, both Miller and Steinbeck make very clear what each of their characters’ hopes, aspirations and dreams are in life. By doing so, both writers are able to shed light on their own critical views of the â€Å"American Dream†. The term â€Å"American Dream† was coined by the American historian J.T. Adams in his book â€Å"The Epic of America†, published in 1931, at the time of the Great Depression in the USA. He used the term to try and encapsulate the social, political, economic and religious strands of life in America: â€Å"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or†¦show more content†¦His underlying message in Of Mice and Men seems to be that dreams can give meaning to a man’s life but the dream needs to be realistic and true to that character and not imposed by others. In Death of a Salesman Willy Loman believes that, in order to succeed in American society and everyday life, you need to be wealthy and popular amongst your peers and this is what Willy dreams of. George and Lennie’s dream in Of Mice and Men has some resemblance to this, although far less materialistic, as they aspire to be self-sufficient and, as Lennie says, â€Å"live offa the fatta the lan’.†Willy in many ways aspires to be like his brother, Ben, a character who is at the forefront of a lot of Willy’s flashbacks. Ben has had, in Willy’s eyes, â€Å"success† in life, despite being a cheat and having very few morals. Evidence of this is dramatically revealed when, having accepted a punch in the arm by Biff, Ben trips Biff up and says â€Å"Never fight fair with a stranger, boy. You’ll never [be successful] that way.† This scene epitomises Willy and Ben’s attitudes towards success in life – no matter how corrupt a nd morally bankrupt you are, as long as you make big money and are popular then it doesn’t matter. In fact Willy’s thinking becomes so warped that towards the end of the play the reader learns that Willy is willing to die, not only to get insurance money for his family,

Premartial Sex Free Essays

This paper will include my research on premarital sex. For many years, premarital sex has been seen as a type of deviant behavior; but like many other concepts, deviant behavior can be define in many ways. This research will include a clear definition of deviant behavior and its relationship with premarital sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Premartial Sex or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deviant Behavior Defined According to the Sociology Index, deviance is nonconformity to social norms. However, often deviance is simply conformity to the norms or standards of a subgroup or subculture rather than those of the dominant culture. Deviance is not inherent in any behavior or attitude but rather is a result of human interaction in particular normative situations. Deviant behavior usually evokes formal and informal punishment, restrictions, or other controls of society. These formal and informal controls constrain most people to conform to social norms. Despite the social sanctioning and controlling, however, we sometimes observe deviant behavior around us, with premarital sex being one. (Sociology Index). What is Premarital Sex? Premarital sex is often referred to as fornication, meaning voluntary sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons or two persons not married to each other; according the Webster dictionary. Fornication can also be found in the bible and is considered a major sin. Premarital Sex in America â€Å"Almost all Americans have sex before marrying, according to premarital sex research that shows such behavior is the norm in the U. S. and has been for the past 50 years. The new study shows that by age 20, 75% of Americans have had premarital sex. That number rises to 95% by age 44. Even among those who abstained from sex until 20 or beyond, 81% have had premarital sex by 44, the survey shows. Researchers say the findings question the feasibility of federally funded abstinence-only education programs. â€Å"Premarital sex is normal behavior for the vast majority of Americans, and has been for decades,† says researcher Lawrence Finer, director of domestic research at the Guttmacher Institute, in a news release. The data clearly show that the majority of older teens and adults have already had sex before marriage, which calls into question the federal government’s funding of abstinence-only-until-marriage programs for 12–29-year-olds. â€Å"It would be more effective to provide young people with the skills and information they need to be safe once they become sexually active which nearly everyone eventually will,† says Finer . In the study, published in Public Health Reports, researchers analyzed data from four cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth from 1982 to 2002, which included information on sexual and marital behaviors. The results showed that the vast majority of Americans have sex before marrying. For example, the 2002 survey showed: By age 20, 77% of men and women had had sex, including 75% who had had premarital sex. By age 44, 95% of men and women had had premarital sex; 97% of those who had ever had sex had had premarital sex. Among those who had abstained from sex until at least age 20, 81% had had premarital sex by age 44. Despite public opinion that premarital sex is much more common now than in the past, researchers say the number of Americans having premarital sex has not changed much since the 1940s. Among women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, 91% had had premarital sex before age 30, compared with 82% of women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963. In addition, nearly nine out of 10 women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963 had had unmarried sex by age 44. Researchers say that though the likelihood that Americans will have sex before marriage hasn’t changed significantly since the 1950s, people are now waiting longer to get married. So they are sexually active and unmarried for longer than in the past (WebMD). † In Janet Smith’s article about Premarital Sex, she states; â€Å"The evidence is overwhelming that children raised in households headed by a single parent are much more prone to sexual abuse, drug abuse, crime, and divorce, for instance. Their health is poorer; their academic achievement is poorer; their economic well-being is less than that of children who are raised in two-parent households. In every way, children raised in single parent households seem to have a few strikes against them as they forge their way through life. (I do not want to suggest, of course, that all children raised in single parenthood households are doomed. I simply want to report that Catholic Church teaching, the teaching of most religions, sociological research, and perhaps common sense are at one in recognizing that children fare better when raised in a household with two parents. The number of single-parenthood households has risen dramatically, due, of course, largely to unwed pregnancy and divorce† ( Catholic Education Resource Center). Also stated in this article by Janet Smith, â€Å"The dimensions of the problem of unwed pregnancy are very serious, indeed. In the early nineteen sixties, some 3% of white babies were born out o f wedlock, some 22% of black babies and as a whole, 6% of the babies born in the United States were born to unwed parents. Now some 22% of white babies, 68% of black babies and as an aggregate in the United States some 31% of babies are born to unwed parents. One out of four to one out of three pregnancies in the United States are ended through abortion, the vast majority performed on unmarried women. Nearly every one of these births and abortions represent a failed relationship, a relationship that was not committed to the caring for any children that may be conceived through the relationship† ( Catholic Education Resource Center). How to cite Premartial Sex, Papers

Revival of Vertical Integration System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Revival of Vertical Integration System. Answer: Introduction: Strategic management is the formulation and implementation of the primary objectives and initiatives of the of a business top management (Carpenter Sanders, 2007). The application of the goals depends on the availability of resources and an overall assessment of the environment using PESTLE and SWOT analysis. Every company, therefore, must have a strategy on how to penetrate in the target market and how to develop the market and increase the market share (Nikolaou et al. 2011). The case of study focus on Sony Group which is engaged in the manufacture of electronic equipment, game consoles and software also it engages in the financial services business, i.e., insurance operations. According to the Mc Kinsey 7 model, every company has a defined organizational structure that outlines authority and responsibilities. A good structure helps maintain the company in a competitive edge whole a bad one leads to losing the market share (Ovidijus, 2013). Therefore it has to change to result in company's success. Responsibilities are given to the skilled staffs depending on the positions. Again, some strategies that are laid help in the achievement of the primary objectives. They are flexible as they change if the previous ones did not succeed as expected. Appropriate systems support changes are i.e. the procedure and policies for execution of plans. Sony has a democratic style of management that promotes good interaction between top management and the organization as a whole. The form is good as it improves the image to the world (Zhang, 2013). Challenges Sony faced and how they overcame In 2003, Sony faced significant challenges that led to declined profits to less than half as at five years back. Sony suffered "Sony shock" whereby the stock price plunged 24% in two days and lost $3.8 billion of its value. Sony shock was due to the weak response to the cheap products from Japanese electronics; there was also hyper competition from foreign competitors of basic audio and video equipment. The company had to lay off employees by 20% so as to reduce costs (Nilay, 2015). The challenge of having a CEO who was not a Japanese speaker(Stringer) lead to some of his contribution to Japanese hardware business was ignored thus financial loss occurred. By 2011 Sony was still relying on Japanese manufacturing base that was too expensive. Sony was also late in the market for flat screen TVs, as the world was transitioning from CRT TVs Sony was late to capture that opportunity, and therefore the profits it made with the new entry was lower than had it gotten the market share early enough. To overcome these challenges, Sony sought a new CEO who had Japanese background (Hiram) whose fundamental aim was to restructure the organization and strategize a new. The primary strategy was to integrate the hardware and software business targeting emerging markets where the competition is less hyper such as India. Sony is hitting a global comeback. Sony got into a joint venture with Samsung in manufacturing flat-screen TVs so as to get in action since it was late, and also committed self to bringing it to profitability after eight years of losses (Wilkie et al. 2015). Company analysis The company embraces the 7s model, focusing mainly on the Hard 's', the study outlines five strategies that were to Mr. Hirai came up with, they include strengthening core business and bring back TV business to profitability by mainly targeting developing markets such as China. Also, promote innovation and realign its business portfolio with divestments expected of non-core business such as the legacy chemical business. The team structures were initially vertical. The first CEO- Stringer broke it to horizontal structure for being of little coherence. However, it was not as productive since it had five big groups and had remained in a competitive disadvantage as shown by the financial results of the year 2010-2011; the five big groups were later broken by Mr. Hirai to multi-division and horizontal structure. That created 12 stand alone businesses. Multi-division helped improve the production as there was intense specialization and focus on a product line, again, it would be easy to assess the performance of a product. The systems and structure enabled Sony to internationalize; this was going outside Japan market and North America where competition was intense and globalized to small markets such as China and India. The structure also enabled the Sony team to take part in CSR thus improving the image globally (Pollach et al. 2012). However, the Hirai structure was bureaucratic, and decision-making process would take long. Sony and Samsung had a venture in the production of liquid crystal display, and it broke it in 2011, this was to enable Sony to expand its business and have a solo profit share. Also, it broke off with Eriksson in mobile phones manufacture (the two had come together so they would manufacture a phone with very high digital photography abilities) this was after the birth of Walkman phones (The star, 2009). Again Sonys main core businesses remained three i.e. Sony Pictures, the play station division and selling image sensors to Apple for the I-Phone. Sony is no longer in the electronics company which was originally a core business alongside TV business. A part of VIAo laptops was recently sold. The market share of Sony has recently stabilized, and there are profits realized from mobile, tablets and laptop sales and also image sensors. Sonys main objective is on the sustainability of environment; this is because clients views are more important than company views, they ensure the employees keep advancing their knowledge by various training programs and again it takes care of both local and global environment accordingly. Recommendations With the increasing competition, Sony needs to discover market leadership in the commodity that is performing well such as semiconductor, medical imaging, and financial businesses. Again it should seek other suppliers for image processor raw material (rare earth); this is because the sole China supplier has deteriorating political relations with Japan. The organization structure should provide for innovation as the corporation is basically about technology and innovations. The company should engage more in CSR to keep improving the public image. Finally, Sony should aggressively merge with performing businesses to help remain in market with a competitive edge In conclusion, a business must have systems that support flexible strategies that are to be undertaken to achieve the core objectives. A group should embrace technology and change with changes in technology. The structure too should be open for quick decision making which should not lag down innovation and creativity. The Sonys structure was bureaucratic and this delayed decision making. References Carpenter, M.A., Sanders, W. G. (2007). Strategic Management: A Dynamic Perspective. Pearson Education Nikolaou, E. I., Ierapetritis, D., Tsagarakis, K. P. (2011). An evaluation of the prospects of green entrepreneurship development using a SWOT analysis.International Journal of Sustainable Development World Ecology, 18(1), 1-16. Nilay, P. (2015) Sony is no longer an electronics company. Available on https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/18/8063269/sony-electronics-future-selling-off-pc-smartphone-tv accessed on May 2, 2017 Ovidijus, J. (2013) McKinsey 7s model. Available on https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/mckinsey-7s-model-framework.html accessed on 2nd May 2017 Pollach, I., Johansen, T. S., Nielsen, A. E., Thomsen, C. (2012). The integration of CSR into corporate communication in large European companies: Journal of Communication Management, 16(2), pp. 204216. The star, (2009) Sony shock as sales slumps. available at, https://www.thestar.com/business/2009/01/13/sony_shock_as_sales_slump.html 'Sony shock' as sales slump accessed on May 2, 2017 Wilkie, D., Johnson, L., White, L. (2015). Overcoming late entry: The importance of entry position, inferences and market leadership. Journal of Marketing Management, 31 (4), pp. 424 Zhang, D. (2013). "The Revival of Vertical Integration: Strategic Choice and Performance Influences". Journal of Management and Strategy.